When I use less to examine the ped file, it looks like this. Is this normal? Or what might be wrong? The other map, fam, and bim look normal.
1 answer
Check the expected file format here:
https://www.cog-genomics.org/plink/1.9/formats#ped
Contains no header line, and one line per sample with 2V+6 fields where V is the number of variants.
The first six fields are the same as those in a .fam file. The seventh and eighth fields are allele calls for the first variant in the .map file ('0' = no call); the 9th and 10th are allele calls for the second variant; and so on
That being said I thought PED files are formatted more regularly like so:
U_G741-08 U_G741-08 0 0 2 -9 G G G G T T C C
but technically it does not have to obey that formatting to be valud.
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Is there a reason why you are using ped format? it's incredibly outdated and inefficient (although I know there are some equally old and outdated programs which probably require it).