For the sake of reference, I am not sure the speed of fastq-dump. I think, I saw people saying it is slower than using aspera on the post below.
Check this out: [Deprecated] Fast download of FASTQ files from the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA)
I do realize it says it is Deprecated, but I use Step 1 and Step 2, used recently, and the download was pretty fast.
If you do Step 1 (installing aspera - fast downloading) and Step 2 (use https://sra-explorer.info/ to create aspera download links that you just run through your terminal) on that tutorial.
are you working behind a proxy ?
Save yourself the trouble and get the fastq's from EBI-ENA.
In case it is not mirrored there, use the prefetch tool to download SRAs via Aspera (100Mb/s) and then run fastq-dump on that file. Fastq-dump as a download tool is unusably slow, error prone and a hugh PITA ( like the entire SRA format ).
You are installing sra-toolkit system-wide with apt, but are using a downloaded binary. I guess your system is missing some shared library, or with an incompatible version. What is your OS, which version? Try using your system-installed fastq-dump:
I just tested my apt-get installed fastq-dump and it works: