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Fold change - a final explanation
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Entering edit mode
2.3 years ago
@hesse.sebastian49617

A colleague of mine and I have just been discussing the meaning of fold changes and though this question has been asked before non of the answers are actually as straight forward as needed so lets try here to solve this once and for all.

I list here what I understand so far and will update it from your answers.

What is the correct way to understand a fold change value of a gene or protein?

• A foldchange describes the difference of two values (eg. difference of expression in gene/protein A between healthy and diseased case)
• Biostatistical porgrams/packages calculate it via: "Log(FC)" = mean(log2(Group1)) - mean(log2(Group2))
• log2 fold changes are used/plotted in graphs as those are nicer to show because they center around 0, giving reductions a negative value and increments a positive value
• log2 fold change values (eg 1 or 2 or 3) can be converted to fold changes by taking 2^1 or 2^2 or 2^3 = 1 or 4 or 8
• To convert the fold change into change in % or anything that is actually tangible/understandable in "real life terms" ... need answers here! (= actual question I want to ask)

Lets get this solved once and for all, im looking forwards to your posts!

Here are great posts explaining more about fold changes:

conversion of log2 fold change to fold change

RNA-Seq • 2.4k views
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Entering edit mode
2.3 years ago
i.sudbery 4.7k
@i.sudbery16790

There is what appears to be an error in your definition of fold change (could be an error, could be causal wording):

• A fold change describes the ratio of two values (not the difference). i.e. (expression condition 1)/(expression condition 2)
• The log2 fold changes are the log-of-the-fold-changes i.e. log2(condition1/condition2)
• Because log(A/B) = log (A) - log(B), many statistical programs will calculate the Log2FC = log2(condition1) - log2(condition2), but this is mathematically identical to Log2FC = log2(condition1/condition2)
• Biostats programs will often estimate log2(condition1) using mean(log2(condition1)). This is equivalent to taking the geometric mean of the original data. Thus, Log2FC = mean(log2(condition1)) - mean(log2(condition2)) is the same as Log2FC = log2(geo_mean(condition1)/geo_mean(condition2)).
• Log2 fold changes are used/plotted in graphs as those are nicer to show because they center around 0, giving reductions a negative value and increments a positive value
• log2 fold change values (eg 1 or 2 or 3) can be converted to fold changes by taking 2^1 or 2^2 or 2^3 = 1 or 4 or 8
• You can interpret fold changes as follows:
• if there is a two fold increase (fold change=2, Log2FC=1) between A and B, then A is twice as big as B (or A is 200% of B).
• If there is a two fold decrease (fold change = 0.5, Log2FC= -1) between A and B, then A is half as big as B (or B is twice as big as A, or A is 50% of B).

@kristoffer.vittingseerup has the formula for converting foldchange or LogFC into % change.

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Entering edit mode

Great answer, just a small addendum: as log2( 0 ) is undefined, most programs add a small constant to base expressions, so Log2FC becomes:

Log2FC = log2( (condition1 + constant ) / ( condition2 + constant ) )


Or

Log2FC = log2( condition1 + constant ) - log2( condition2 + constant )

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Entering edit mode

Well, that depends on the program. None of the standard rnaseq programs report regularized logs as default I don't think, other than DESeq, and even then it outputs the non-shrunk values as well.

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Thanks a lot for your detailed and insightful corrections!

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Entering edit mode
2.3 years ago
@kristoffer.vittingseerup17025

Percent change = 2^(fold change) * 100, where the baseline then correspond to 100%

log2FC = 2 : 2^2 * 100 = 400, where the baseline then correspond to 100%

Log2FC = -2 : 2^-2 * 100 = 25, where the baseline then correspond to 100%

Hope this helps

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Entering edit mode
2.3 years ago
jomo018 • 480
@jomo01823839

Fold change is ratio between values.

Typically, the ratio is final-to-inital or treated-to-control*.

Log2, or % are just representations of the ratio. Log2 in partcular, usually reduces the "dynamic range" of the ratios in a monotonic mapping. So rather than handling ratios between 1-1000, these map to about 0-10.

Ratios lower than 1 map to negative figures.