Different populations of a species are often quite genetically diverse, and this variation can have important implications for the future resilience and adaptive potential of a species. Patterns of genetic diversity in populations also provide a window into the demographic histories of species. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are one of the fundamental types of genetic variation, and with the growing popularity of next-generation sequencing, they are becoming the most ubiquitously utilized genetic markers in both evolutionary and biomedical research. Levels of polymorphism are highly variable among species, but short reads from a single lane of an Illumina sequencer can easily result in the identification and genotyping of 1000s of SNPs. An issue, however, is to separate true polymorphisms from sequencing or alignment artifacts, for which extensive filtering based on statistical models is necessary. I have some good work experience with a OOH ERP and my words are clearly based on what I felt through such processes in the past.