++ - this is great, and I hadn't spotted it :)
4 answers
It appears CrossRef have recently opened up their meta-data services:
So it looks like the following request (see others here) should get you what you want:
curl -D - -L -H "Accept:text/turtle" "http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1157784"
This is not yet a month old... so no wonder :) But it is pretty cool indeed. I'm linking to it already.
Reused and cited at: http://blueobelisk.shapado.com/questions/4d516e7d19ce9559de026498/answers/4d51929b19ce955a070266af
If the journal you care about is in PubMed, you can probably use the EUtils to retrieve this information. E.g. you can search PubMed by DOI and then also get the PMID via the EUtils.
Then it should be easy to also get all the further info you want.
My initial requirement was for articles that had a doi and were not in Pubmed. However, it would be useful to first determine the doi, then to determine if it had a Pubmed match as you describe.
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It would be great to have this for all articles (not only those in PubMed) and with more extensive metadata than is available through CrossRef (e.g. keywords).