Hi, When I have a data set which includes 0 and 1, I can standardize the data easily in the following way. (each row denotes a chromosome and each column denotes a SNP)

p<- apply(input, 2, mean, na.rm = T)
 mat <- matrix(, nr = nchr, nc = nsnp)
   for (i in 1:nsnp){
      mat[,i] <- (data[,i] - p[i])/sqrt(p[i] * (1 - p[i]))
   }

However, I have a data set which includes A,T,G,C. Is it possible to standardize this data?

It is a small part of my data:

NA06989_A   A   A   G   G   C
NA06989_B   A   A   G   G   C
NA10850_A   G   A   G   G   C
NA10850_B   G   G   A   G   C
NA06984_A   G   G   A   G   C
NA06984_B   A   A   G   G   C
NA11917_A   G   A   A   T   C
NA11917_B   A   A   G   G   C
NA12282_A   A   A   G   G   C
NA12282_B   G   G   A   G   C