This error should indicate the sequence identifier as Read but (as the OP states) it's actually showing the quality values, which suggests that the phasing is off. If so, the following lines are read identifier (misread as sequence), sequence (misread as '+' character), and '+' (misread as quality) - which would result in the observed error message about read characters > quality values.
I don't use Bowtie2 but, given it's popularity, this behavior probably would've been reported as a bug if observed by others. Have you checked your FASTQs to confirm that they're constructed correctly?
Which version of bowtie2 produced this error, has the latest version of bowtie2 resolved this bug? I produced the same error using bowtie2-2.2.4.